What is Neem Oil? Insecticide Pros and (Mostly) Cons

Neem oil, often suggested for pest control, has big drawbacks: it is not selective and can harm beneficial insects and Lepidoptera including butterflies and moths. For these reasons (and more), it is not a harmless solution.

We’ve also written about diatomaceous earth, another misunderstood, organic pesticide.

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Pesticide Choices for Gardeners

When it comes to the use of pesticides, there are a wide range of choices that gardeners make.

Some trust any product available in the gardening section.

Some will only use certain pesticides but not others—organic versus synthetic being a common dividing line.

Others feel mixtures made from household items like dish soap or Epsom salt deemed ‘harmless’ or ‘natural’ are safer. Yet none of them belong in a garden.

Personally, I have never used pesticides, herbicides, or other concoctions.

Yes, there are plenty of garden “pests” and lots of invasive species that can do exceptional damage, but, for the most part, it’s just animals doing what they need to do to exist. As in—using plants to survive, whether it’s as host plants, food, or habitat.

And, as the saying goes, if they are chewing holes in your plants leaves, you’re doing it right.

Think of how many people try to get rid of caterpillars without realizing you can’t have butterflies without them? And how baby birds rely on them for essential nutrition.

Hello, circle of life.

It doesn’t mean some pests don’t irk me. But, if you want your garden to be part of the greater ecosystem, decisions like pesticide use cannot be made in isolation. Overall effects matter.

Some of us get excited when “organic” or “natural” products are recommended that promise to do what we want without residual damage. But, the reality is, this is rarely so.

Neem oil is frequently recommended as an organic biopesticide—mainly as an insecticide. It’s said to selectively kill the bugs you don’t want and perhaps prevent some diseases, all while leaving other wildlife unharmed including beneficial insects.

Unfortunately, it’s not that simple. And once again, we can’t let the words “natural” or “organic” fool us.

Contents

• Neem as an Insecticide
  • What is Neem?
• Neem Oil Product Confusion
• How Azadirachtin Affects Other Animals
• Summary
• Resources

Neem as an Insecticide

For years it has been known that desert locusts, which eat just about everything in their path, would not eat the leaves of the neem tree.

So what’s going on? What makes neem leaves undesirable to these enthusiastic eaters?

This question led to the discovery of a compound in neem trees that’s in high concentration in the seeds called azadirachtin, named for the genus of the tree, Azadirachta.

Isolated in 1968, it took about another 20 years for chemists to figure out its structure. There are other compounds in neem seeds, and in the oil from neem seeds, but azadirachtin is the one that accounts for most of the insecticidal properties. These compounds are in other parts of the tree as well, including those leaves the desert locusts refused to eat, but the highest concentration is in the seeds.

Since then there has been a lot of research into azadirachtin. It’s known as an antifeedant—a substance produced by plants that can stop some insects and other animals from eating it, with its effectiveness varying widely by species.

When applied, it takes time first for the azadirachtin to make its way though a plant and then to affect the insects that eat the plant, so it’s not fast-acting.

Insects that eat azadirachtin experience various toxic effects. It’s a growth inhibitor and will interfere with the insect’s moulting and hormones, cause deformed wings and other abnormalities, and can result in sterile eggs. It has effects on hundreds of species including mites, caterpillars, mealybugs, thrips, whiteflies, and many more, especially those that chomp on leaves.

It doesn’t really do anything to adult insects that have completed their growth, but for juvenile or immature insects, it can—eventually—kill them.

So yes, there is an insecticidal compound found in high concentration in the seeds of neem trees. That part is accurate. The claim that it is selective and only affects bad guys is not correct, as you’ll see.

Neem Oil Product Confusion

Most of the benefits you’ll hear for neem oil are actually qualities of the active ingredient azadirachtin yet some neem products do not even have it.

The term ‘neem oil’ can refer to the full oil from neem seeds that include azadirachtin or a form where the azadirachtin has been removed. It’s still an oil but the active ingredient list will usually refer to something called ‘clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil’ which is a stripped-down extract. Both are sold as neem oil but they’re different products.

We found numerous variations when searching neem oil on Amazon. Oddly enough, we found some products with azadirachtin in it where it’s not mentioned on the label—just in the product descriptions—even though this would be selling point for anyone seeking the insecticidal activity. Instead they say the ingredient is Azadirachta indica, which is just the name of the tree.

My guess is that since their target market is people looking for organic alternatives, the company would rather just mention neem seed oil rather than say anything about azadirachtin because that sounds like a “chemical”—which it is! [The word chemical is often used to imply something is dangerous or toxic but really everything is comprised of chemicals.]

So, is the stripped-down product useless? Not necessarily. With direct contact any oil is going to make things difficult for insects, blocking their pores and suffocating them. Oils are not selective. And the fact that it’s from a neem tree is probably irrelevant.

Related: Pros and Cons of Using Bt for Caterpillars (In Home Gardens)

How Azadirachtin Affects Other Animals

Azadirachtin has low toxicity to mammals and other vertebrates including humans. You do not want to inhale or consume it, but otherwise it is considered pretty safe.

When applied to plants, it breaks down quickly in sunlight, which means any negative impact is short-lived and you’ll have to reapply it frequently.

While it is efficient at wiping out various insects, azadirachtin is not as selective as we want it to be. Anything that comes into contact can be affected including insects that are doing good in our gardens.

The claim that neem oil does not harm beneficial insects is not correct.

Butterflies and moths, for example, are highly sensitive to it.

Research is ongoing, but some studies all show that the antifeedant can work against some bees.

Azadirachtin can also kill or deform insects that are the natural enemies of the pests we may be targeting. There may be fewer incidences than with some other broad-spectrum pesticides, but the claim that neem oil doesn’t harm beneficial insects is not correct.

Summary

Bottom line, neem oil can be effective to kill insects in general—if you buy the right one and follow the directions, but know you are also sacrificing any beneficial insects that happen to get involved.

If you are not a pesticide user, I don’t see anything about neem oil that would make you change your mind. It may avoid some of the issues with other pesticides, but by no means all of them.

Knowing it’s non-specific and can do other harm, as an ecological gardener, I would never use it.

Resources

Listen

Read More

• The Reduced-Risk Insecticide Azadirachtin Poses a Toxicological Hazard to Stingless Bee Partamona helleri (Friese, 1900) Queens [Source]
  Highlights
  -Stingless bee conservation depends on the fitness of the queens.
  -The biopesticide azadirachtin reduced the survival of queens reared in vitro.
  -The reproductive system and morphology of queens were impaired by azadirachtin.
  -Azadirachtin can compromise the maintenance of stingless bee populations.
• Azadirachtin, a Scientific Gold Mine [Source]
• Azadirachtin from the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica: its Action Against Insects [Source]
• Safety Evaluation of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Derived Pesticides [Source]
• Azadirachtin & Neem Oil [Source]

~Melissa the Empress of Dirt ♛